Nursing needs lifelong learning of caring values and beliefs and constant interaction between theory and practice to support practice based on caring theories.
There are some limitations to this study that should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. A convenience sample of members of nursing teams and a purposive sample of patients were used to collect data, thus limiting the generalizability of our results. The construct validity of the patient satisfaction questionnaire was not tested due to small number of questions used.
When measuring patient satisfaction, the questionnaire did not include information on specific nurses patients evaluated, thus limiting the possibilities of paired sample statistical tests. Due to the high number of questions in the CNPI scale, the motivation of the participants in the study might have been reduced, and the survey itself was time consuming for both researchers and participants.
The essence of nursing is caring for others and for oneself. Nurses should be caring and be able to establish personal contact, have a communicational approach and good interpersonal relationships with patients. Interventions should reflect professionalism and care for individual problems, not only be seen as routine work Pajnkihar, Patients appreciate good care, hence their perception about caring and satisfaction should be taken into consideration.
As described by Douglas , caring is important for the well-being of staff working with patients. He concludes that delivering care without caring is wrong. We echo Watson , p. However, nurses also need time and resources to establish such caring environments. A stronger emphasis on caring theories is necessary during both nursing education and lifelong learning so that a strong core of knowledge relating to caring theories and theory based practice can exist.
Further research is needed to determine the influence of carative factors on patient satisfaction in longitudinal studies. In addition, different factors of patient satisfaction should be explored in detail. For this to happen, a mixed methods approach should be used. It would be useful to explore how the time constraints on nurses impact their interactions with their patients.
Kamynina, Alexey Y. Brazhnikov, Irina V. Ostrovskaya, Valentina E. Efremova and Igor S. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests The authors declare there are no competing interests.
Human Ethics The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals i. All four health care institutions review boards provided a written permission for research. All files are uploaded as confidental Supplemental File.
Data Availability The following information was supplied regarding data availability:. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Feb 7. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Majda Pajnkihar: is. Received Jul 26; Accepted Dec This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Supplemental Information 3: Source code for all calculations and forest plot charts based on the Patient satisfaction survey. Supplemental Information 4: Source code for multivariate logistic regression used to identify the carative factors that are significantly related to the level of education. Abstract Background Constant reviews of the caring behavior of nurses and patient satisfaction help to improve the quality of nursing.
Methods A questionnaire survey using a convenience sample of 1, members of nursing teams and a purposive sample of 1, patients in four health care institutions in Slovenia was conducted in August Results Carative factor sensibility was related to the level of nursing education. Discussion We did not find major significant differences between carative factors and level of nurse education, except in one carative factor.
Keywords: Caring, Patient satisfaction, Cross-sectional studies. Patient satisfaction as nurse sensitive patient outcome Patient satisfaction is one of the established outcome indicators of the quality and the efficiency of healthcare systems Chow et al. Level of nurse education in relation to their perception of caring and patient satisfaction Nurse education should emphasize a holistic, individualized, and client-centred nursing care Pajnkihar, Methods Design This study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional survey design.
Sample and setting Due to the large size of the potential target population for the study and accessibility of the selected hospitals, convenience sampling was used for recruiting nurses and nursing assistants providing bedside care. Measures Two questionnaires were used, one for nurses and nursing assistants and another for patients. Data collection and ethical considerations Data were collected in August Data analysis To assess the relation between 10 carative factors and education level, we ran logistic regression where participants were divided into two groups based on their level of education and used carative factors as predictors.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics for members of nursing teams and patients. Open in a separate window. Table 2 Results for logistic regression describing the relation between 10 carative factors as predictors and education level as outcome. Carative factor Estimate Std. Table 3 Patient satisfaction with care received from nurses and nursing assistants. During this hospital stay, how often did nurses treat you with courtesy and respect? During this hospital stay, how often did nurses listen carefully to you?
During this hospital stay, how often did nurses explain things in a way you could understand? Table 4 Relationships between carative factors as perceived by nurses, nursing assistants and patients for satisfaction with their care.
Figure 1. Study limitations There are some limitations to this study that should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. Conclusion The essence of nursing is caring for others and for oneself. Supplemental Information Supplemental Information 1 Raw data from the questionnaire for patients: Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental Information 3 Source code for all calculations and forest plot charts based on the Patient satisfaction survey: Click here for additional data file. Supplemental Information 4 Source code for multivariate logistic regression used to identify the carative factors that are significantly related to the level of education: Click here for additional data file. Additional Information and Declarations Competing Interests The authors declare there are no competing interests.
References Aiken et al. International Journal of Nursing Studies. DeSean Jackson demanded to leave Los Angeles last month with disappointment in his lack of playing time, whilel rookies Tutu Atwell and Jacob Harris are out for the season with knee injuries.
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